Moral distress has been characterised as one of the main ethical problems affecting nurses in all health systems, and has been depicted as a threat to nurses’ integrity and to the quality of patient care. In recent years, several studies tried to investigate moral distress, its causes and consequences for health professionals, clients and organisations. However, such studies are considered controversial and vulnerable, mainly because they lack a solid philosophical and empirical basis. The present article aimed at elaborating a theoretical (...) model for moral distress, considering the process of moral deliberation, spaces of power and resistance and patient advocacy, and sought to carry out a reflection that culminated with the creation of a broader concept of moral distress. (shrink)

Sophocles's classical tragedy, Antigone, is continually reinvented, particularly in the Americas. Theater practitioners and political theorists alike revisit the story to hold states accountable for their democratic exclusions, as Antigone did in disobeying the edict of her uncle, Creon, for refusing to bury her brother, Polynices. Antigone in the Americas not only analyzes the theoretical reception of Antigone, when resituated in the Americas, but further introduces decolonial rumination as a new interpretive methodology through which to approach classical texts. Traveling between (...) modern present and ancient past, Andrés Fabián Henao Castro focuses on metics (resident aliens) and slaves, rather than citizens, making the feminist politics of burial long associated with Antigone relevant for theorizing militant forms of mourning in the global south. Grounded in settler colonial critique, black and woman of color feminisms, and queer and trans of color critique, Antigone in the Americas offers a more radical interpretation of Antigone, one relevant to subjects situated under multiple and interlocking systems of oppression. (shrink)

The aim of this paper is to provide an approach to the etho-aesthetic dimension in Marcuse’s thought. The approach in this paper is built upon the following thesis: the etho-aesthetic dimension consists of the transformation of subjectivity based on artistic sensitivity and critical rationality from which social relations opposed to an advanced industrial society and its one-dimensional man are reconstructed materially and intellectually. The conclusion is the following: a Marcusian critical theory, inherited from Marx and Schiller, would be one capable (...) of analyzing the potential qualitative changes of the subjects and social institutions to generate a higher level of rational development, equitable in the distribution of resources and in the generation of greater spaces of freedom. Its basis would be an etho-aesthetic attitude that does not take pleasure in squandering, but in the reflective experience of the sensible. (shrink)

El presente trabajo analiza el esquema de las Asociaciones Público Privadas consagradas en la ley 1508 de 2012, como un instrumento de vinculación del capital privado y modalidad de gestión pública dentro de la actividad contractual. Para ello, se propone resaltar aspectos esenciales de las mismas que permitan responder a la pregunta: ¿Cuál es la importancia de las app como modelo de gestión pública en la actividad contractual, para la concreción de los fines del Estado? La finalidad se cimienta en (...) analizar la importancia de estas como esquemas y herramientas de gestión pública dirigidas al cumplimiento de los fines del Estado, desde el elemento cuantitativo del Estado Social de Derecho, en especial desde el fin de servicio a la comunidad, proponiéndose ahondar en la normatividad vigente colombiana que versa en torno a las mismas, donde se vislumbra la importancia de estas estructuras y se detallan las diferencias entre los esquemas de iniciativa privada como verdadera novedad e iniciativa pública. (shrink)

In this article, I offer a preposterous history of Antigone’s adaptations that contrasts Sophocles’ classical tragedy with Jean Anouilh’s Euromodern melodrama and Ariel Dorfman, Patricia Nieto, and Sara Uribe’s postmodern Antigones in Latin America. I offer that history to understand a significant change in sovereign power when the state takes hold of the socially dead rather than living body. Here, I argue, we need to move from the theory of biopolitics to the theory of necropolitics to further explain the role (...) that slavery and its aftermath play in the radicalization of state violence under contemporary neoliberalism. I thus contrast the ancient violence inflicted in the publicly desecrated corpse of Polyneices with the Euromodern violence that misidentifies Polyneices and the postmodern violence that instead disappears not one but many Polyneices. This explains why enforced disappearances figure so prominently among postmodern Latin American Antigones, a form of violence that I trace back to the settler colonial logic of elimination whereby settlers claim nativity to the territory by means of erasing its prior inhabitants. (shrink)

Desde la antigüedad greco-latina viene planteado un problema que aún persiste en nuestrosdías ¿cuál es el estatuto que nos permite distinguir claramente la especificidad de un textoescrito? La necesidad de presentar a uno de los filósofos más emblemáticos, Sócrates, a lasnuevas generaciones creó un reto difícil de superar. El hecho de que este pensador nodejara obra escrita ni planteara una teoría específica, pero al tiempo fuese un ejemplo depensador y de vida, hizo a los que le conocieron, se propusieran reconstruir (...) esta difícilfaceta de una forma vívida. Tanto Platón, Jenofonte, Antístenes y Esquines, los másconocidos biógrafos de Sócrates, tuvieron que ingeniárselas para hacer pasar a la historia aeste genial filósofo. Según noticias de Werner Jeager en la época de estos filósofos seusaba una forma estilística denominada Enkonion o Elkonion, para hacer un retrato escritode una persona importante, una especie de panegírico que Aristóteles en su Retóricaclasifica como perteneciente uno de los géneros de la argumentación: el género epidíctico.En el análisis de este género discursivo se puede observar tal problemática. Por ejemplo losDiálogos de Platón, cuyo personaje central es Sócrates, están a medio camino entre lo quehoy conocemos como filosofía, retórica y literatura, y que en aquella época no se hacía taldistinción tajante como se hace hoy en día. Analizando la estructura de las diferentespresentaciones del filósofo podemos ver claramente que el problema que se les presentó alos biógrafos fue de retórica que es la base que fundamenta los discursos filosóficos yliterarios. (shrink)

As tentativas de invasões germânicas iniciadas no século II a.C. culminaram com a tomada de Roma em 476. Os novos chefes adotaram o latim como língua oficial, e grande parte dos textos latino-germânicos foi reunida e publicada por G.H.Pertz (MGH).

I review and challenge the views on simplicity and its role in linguistics put forward by Ludlow. In particular, I criticize the claim that simplicity—in the sense pertinent to science—is nothing more than ease of use or “user-friendliness”, motivated by economy of labor. I argue that Ludlow’s discussion fails to do justice to the diversity of factors that are relevant to simplicity considerations. This, in turn, leads to the neglect of crucial cases in which the rationale for simplification is unmistakably (...) epistemic, as well as instances where simplicity is part of the content of substantive, empirical hypotheses. I illustrate these points with examples from the history of generative linguistics, such as: the shaping influence exerted by simplicity, via its involvement in the notion of “linguistically significant generalization”, its methodological and substantive contribution to the goal of explanatory adequacy, and its central role in the Minimalist Program’s search “beyond explanatory adequacy”. (shrink)

Para este ensayo es necesario introducir un concepto que se denominará premisas de la conversación, teniendo en cuenta el planteamiento de los teóricos de la argumentación en su propuesta de premisas de la argumentación. Dichas premisas son tomadas de algunos estudiosos del lenguaje que han observado qué estructuras, normas y ceremonias se perfilan para que se dé la conversación. No basta, como sugieren los teóricos de la nueva retórica, con hablar un idioma para desarrollar una conversación, pues, se requiere de (...) mucho más, y esto es, de normas y estructuras que subyacen en ella misma; y agregan, nadie lo sabe mejor que el autor de Alicia en el país de las maravillas. La Alicia de Carroll, tanto en el país de las maravillas como a través del espejo, le es casi imposible entablar una conversación con alguno de los personajes fantásticos que se presentan en las dos obras. Porque además de saber usar unas reglas gramaticales y un léxico, es necesario saber que, al usar la lengua, o como lo llama Austin acto locucionario, también hay que ser consciente de que el uso de la lengua es social, por lo que requiere de ciertas condiciones, ceremonias y reglas que a continuación expondremos. (shrink)

El profesor Patiño logra en este libro dos objetivos claves para el estudioso de la Filosofía del Lenguaje y la comunicación: por un lado, sintetiza temáticamente los principales aportes que se han hecho para que surja y se consolide la Filosofía del Lenguaje y su estudio sistemático sobre los actos de habla o actos de lenguaje que intervienen en la comunicación; y por otro lado, de una manera crítica, actualiza los temas y problemas que se han discutido en diferentes campos (...) relacionados con el tema. (shrink)

O presente artigo tem por objetivo destacar a importância da felicidade dentro do sistema moral kantiano, mesmo que ela esteja baseada nos sentimentos de prazer e desprazer, ou seja, proveniente da ordem empírica. Para isso, faz-se necessário diferenciar deveres diretos de deveres indiretos, ou seja, os primeiros como deveres perfeitos que são obrigatórios e necessários, e os últimos como imperfeitos, que dizem respeito simplesmente àquilo que é bom que se faça, por isso são altamente recomendáveis. Os deveres indiretos ou imperfeitos, (...) que nada mais são do que deveres de virtude, somente tendem a acrescentar à qualificação moral. O dever indireto de promover a felicidade coloca-se, na filosofia prática de Kant, como um meio para a moralidade, visto que a falta de felicidade pode apresentar-se como um obstáculo à prática moral e não o contrário. (shrink)

Proponho comparar e aproximar as fundamentações normativas para o socialismo de Axel Honneth e John Rawls. Parto, para tanto, de alguns traços da teoria de Honneth desenvolvidos em seu escrito sobre socialismo e dos próprios contrastes estabelecidos por ele frente ao projeto de Rawls. Destrincho a comparação em duas frentes: a primeira, tratando do conteúdo normativo das noções de liberdade de ambos os autores, a segunda, tratando do que Honneth e outros autores da tradição da teoria crítica chamam de base (...) social ou imanente das teorias. Da primeira, concluo que o contraste estabelecido por Honneth entre o seu ideal de liberdade social e o ideal de liberdade encontrado na filosofia política de Rawls não encontra respaldo em uma análise acurada da proposta rawlsiana, e que a filosofia de Rawls também pode fornecer uma normatividade crítica para o Socialismo. Da segunda, concluo, a despeito da crítica de Honneth de que haveria uma deficiência ‘prático-política’ na filosofia de Rawls, que é possível encontrar na obra deste, de uma forma mais ou menos similar àquela do autor alemão, os três elementos que Honneth julga serem necessários para uma teoria crítica que não queira ser apenas uma crítica ‘puramente normativa’ da sociedade. (shrink)

This article explores the relationship between theory and praxis by contrasting three different models of intellectual endeavor: totalizing, particular and decolonial. Attending to the critique that Gayatri Spivak raised against Michel Foucault and Gilles Deleuze in Can the Subaltern Speak?, this article advocates a dramaturgical reading of texts as a model for political theory to address subaltern agency. It reads such agency in the smile that Pier Paolo Pasolini registers in his 1967 film version of Sophocles’ play, Oedipus Tyrannos. Dramaturgically (...) read, Oedipus reveals another text, the tragic history of a yet insufficiently explored democratic alternative that goes against the established democracy and its complicity with inequality in the continued naturalization of slavery despite its foundation in equality. This subtext demands understanding Oedipus as a political production from the speechless agency of dissident servants, a more subversive aspect of democratic politics. (shrink)

En el año 2002, el profesor Jairo Urrea Henao impulsó en el Programa de Filosofía de la Universidad del Quindío, la conformación de áreas de saber para que los profesores se agruparan en torno a sus intereses disciplinares. La propuesta proyectó las áreas de Lenguaje y ciencia, Ética y política y Bioética y educación.

In this paper I defend the “Standard View” of the semantics of ‘I’—according to which ‘I’ is a pure, automatic indexical—from a challenge posed by “deferred reference” cases, in which occurrences of ‘I’ are (allegedly) not speaker-referential, and thus non-automatic. In reply, I offer an alternative account of the cases in question, which I call the “Description Analysis” (DA). According to DA, seemingly deferred-referential occurrences of the first person pronoun are interpreted as constituents of a definite description, whose operator scopes (...) over an open sentence Rxy—where R is a contextually selected relation ranging over pairs of people and objects. The role of intentions is thus limited to the determination of R, which is posterior to the fixation of the reference of ‘I’. In support of the DA I present evidence that, in the cases in question, the (Determiner) phrase containing ‘I’ behaves in relevant ways like a description. I show that the DA can account for the problematic examples, while preserving the simplicity of the standard semantics of ‘I’. Finally, I examine a rival account of the data, offered by Nunberg (Linguist Philos 16:1–43, 1993), and argue for the superiority of the DA. (shrink)

This article deals with the cognitive relationship between a speaker and her internal grammar. In particular, it takes issue with the view that such a relationship is one of belief or knowledge (I call this view the ‘Propositional Attitude View’, or PAV). I first argue that PAV entails that all ordinary speakers (tacitly) possess technical concepts belonging to syntactic theory, and second, that most ordinary speakers do not in fact possess such concepts. Thus, it is concluded that speakers do not (...) literally ‘know’ or ‘believe’ much of the contents of their grammars, and moreover, that these contents can only be attributed at a subpersonal level. (shrink)

La Edición completa de las obras de Marx y Engels (MEGA) ha demostrado que la crítica de la economía política es un continente que todavía está siendo descubierto. Sin embargo, las tergiversaciones contemporáneas realizadas por Edgardo Lander sobre este legado lo han dado por obsoleto y carente de sentido para nuestras luchas, aduciendo un conocimiento absoluto de sus planteamientos. El presente escrito aborda los lineamientos generales de las lecturas contemporáneas del marxismo desde nuestro tercer mundo latinoamericano y realiza algunas aclaraciones, (...) para luego producir un «registro» de esta tradición que regrese a los fundamentos de su pensamiento en la medida que mantiene un horizonte crítico sobre la Modernidad y el capitalismo. Dejamos en claro el modo antimarxista de producir una estandarización del pensamiento de Marx por parte de Edgardo Lander y, apuntamos en la dirección de una apropiación acorde con la dimensión anticolonial del pensamiento del Marx y del marxismo latinoamericano. (shrink)

Según la Propositional Attitude View (PAV), un hablante es competente en su idioma en virtud de poseer actitudes proposicionales cuyo contenido es su gramática interna. En este artículo desarrollo una objeción a PAV, llamada �el reto de la integración�, originalmente propuesto por Stich (1978) y Evans (1981), y que está constituido por dos premisas: (1) las actitudes proposicionales se caracterizan por su integración inferencial, y (2) los estados que contienen información gramatical no están inferencialmente integrados. En este artículo considero y (...) rechazo las respuestas a este argumento formuladas por Dwyer y Pietroski (1996), Higginbotham (1987) y Knowles (2000). (shrink)

Tiene usted en sus manos la traducción del que, para muchos, es el mejor discurso de Cicerón. Las circunstancias eran bien difíciles. Encendida la guerra entre César y Pompeyo, la nobleza romana en pleno apoyó a este avezado general empeñado en lid armada con uno novel.

Ethical issues flow from and are embedded in contexts of practice. Contexts of practice refer to the diverse social settings where interventions occur. Primary prevention activities require new professional roles in these diverse social settings. These new roles engage the professional in new activities, which in mm allow new ethical issues to arise. This article takes an ecological perspective on ethical issues arising from the enactment of new preventive roles intended to affect groups or communities. Within this perspective, the concepts (...) of context and culture take on special conceptual significance. Four ecological assumptions about preventive interventions intended to affect groups or communities are offered as a means of framing ethical issues in such interventions. Finally, several approaches to developing ecological knowledge about the contexts of practice are presented as ways of furthering our ability to conceptualize and cope with ethical issues in preventive interventions intended to affect groups or communities. (shrink)

Research and intervention involving primary prevention have grown dramatically in the past 10 years. However, little attention has been paid to ethical issues in primary prevention. This article proposes a framework for increasing awareness of such issues. The framework centers on explicating the contexts where prevention activities occur and the roles adopted by interventionists engaging in these activities. Several assumptions underlying primary prevention are stated, and ways of clarifying ethical issues are proposed.

Este trabalho busca discutir, a partir de dados obtidos em trabalho de campo etnográfico coletivo multissituado, elementos de uma cultura comunicacional dos torcedores no Brasil. Tradicionalmente tratados como coletivo, massa, povo ou multidão pelos meios de comunicação tradicionais, a abordagem proposta evidencia, nas falas dos próprios torcedores, uma compreensão sofisticada do universo afetivo, familiar, econômico e político que envolve o torcer por uma equipe de futebol no Brasil contemporâneo.

Abstrak: Filsafat telah memiliki perjalanan panjang dalam hubungannya dengan Kristianitas. Sumbangan filsafat untuk Kristianitas begitu banyak terutama dalam kaitannya dengan teologi. Tulisan ini meneliti soal integrasi filsafat dalam Kristianitas yang selama ini sering diperdebatkan. Periode apologi yang dimulai pada awal abad kedua sampai dengan pertengahan abad ketiga Masehi, memberikan suatu penjelasan konkrit untuk permasalahan ini. Melalui para apologet, yang sebelumnya adalah filsuf, bahkan mampu melangkah lebih jauh dalam penemuan kebijaksanaan yang sesungguhnya yang merupakan obyek dan tujuan filsafat. Bahkan mereka sampai (...) pada suatu pemikiran bahwa filsafat adalah ranah semai yang mempersiapkan filsafat yang sesungguhnya, yaitu Kristianitas. Berkat para apologet, filsafat menjadi bagian penting dalam Kristianitas, bukan saja di bidang teologi, tetapi juga di dalam ranah eksegese, hermeneutika dan terlebih-lebih di dalam hidup. Penulis Kristiani setelah periode apologi mengintegrasikan filsafat dalam tulisan dan di dalam rumusan iman. Berbagai terminologi filosofis yang diintegrasikan ke Kristianitas belum tergantikan sampai dengan saat ini. Kata-kata Kunci: Filsafat, filsuf, teologi, apologi, apologet, kebijaksanaan. Abstract: Philosophy is having a long journey in its relationship with Christianity. There is much influence of philosophy on Christian thinking, but especially on theology. This article researches the integrity of philosophy within Christianity, an integral relationship which has always been debated. During the period of the Apologies, which was begun at the beginning of the second century up to the middle of the third century, an important concrete solution to this debate was given. Through the Apology Fathers of the Church who previously were philosophers, had the capacity to go farther in finding real wisdom, which is the subject and the goal of all research in philosophy. They were able to reach a consideration that their philosophy was a field seed which had prepared for the real philosophy, which is Christianity. Through the apologies, philosophy created an important partnership with Christianity in the areas of theology and biblical exegeses, and even in hermeneutics and way of life. After the period of the Apology Fathers, Christian writers integrated philosophy in a certain way into their writings, even as a formula of faith. And some philosophical terminology, which was integrated into Christianity, could not be replaced after this time. Keywords: Philosophy, philosopher, theology, apology, apolog, virtue. (shrink)

There is a widespread phenomenon that we call linguistic imposters. Linguistic imposters are systematic misuses of expressions that misusers mistake with their conventional usages because of misunderstanding their meaning. Our paper aims to provide an initial framework for theorising about linguistic imposters that will lay the foundation for future philosophical research about them. We focus on the misuses of the expressions ‘grooming’ and ‘critical race theory’ as our central examples of linguistic imposters. We show that linguistic imposters present a distinctive (...) phenomenon by comparing them to some adjacent phenomena, namely conceptual engineering, linguistic hijacking and dogwhistles. We also address four objections about the extensional adequacy of our definition of linguistic imposters. Finally, we argue that, as linguistic imposters spread, they make some inferences featuring misused expressions more cognitively accessible and seemingly socially licensed to misusers and discuss four types of harms that linguistic imposters are conducive to through these effects. (shrink)

El estudio del patrimonio como fenómeno sociocultural exige prestar atención a cuáles son las representaciones que elabora y hace circular socialmente. En el caso de este artículo, el problema identificado consiste en que las reseñas históricas utilizadas en la difusión de ciudades históricas y patrimoniales pudieran estar representando negativamente a los pueblos indígenas, colaborando en la reproducción de representaciones tendenciosas. De esta manera, el objetivo de este artículo es conocer las valoraciones realizadas a los pueblos indígenas en las reseñas históricas, (...) realizándose un estudio de caso de la ciudad de La Serena (Chile). Para llevarlo a cabo, se recurre teóricamente a los Estudios Patrimoniales y a los Estudios Críticos del Discurso, optando por la arquitectura teórica de la Lingüística Sistémico-Funcional que, valiéndose del Sistema de Valoración, permite indagar sobre los efectos retóricos que construyen posicionamientos ideológicos en los discursos. Se concluye que las reseñas estudiadas poseen un posicionamiento ideológico tradicional de la historia, ya que el relato se presenta como una historia de héroes hispanos que enfrentan grandes gestas contra los indígenas, cuya participación queda descontextualizada y reducida a la destrucción de la ciudad y la oposición a los españoles. (shrink)

Muchos entienden el tema de los derechos humanos y de las garantías como una conquista de las sociedades modernas, una manera de pensar ligada a la Ilustración y a los movimientos que surgieron bajo el seno de la Revolución Francesa. Por ende, se ve en las civilizaciones antiguas una especie de época no evolucionada sobre estas materias, una época en que la barbarie y la sinrazón parecieran hablar más que la cordura. Sin embargo, existieron civilizaciones antiguas que nada envidiarían a (...) sociedades modernas basadas en legislaciones que sustentan los derechos humanos como bandera de lucha y broche de distinción. Una de estas civilizaciones es la hebrea, y su legislación es la ley mosaica.El presente artículo tiene por finalidad resolver si la legislación mosaica tuvo un estatuto conveniente en materia de derechos humanos, si éstos efectivamente se consagraban y respetaban, siendo la ley no sólo prescripciones en este sentido sino además un posible régimen garantista de dichos derechos. Por consecuencia, se busca rastrear una posible constitucionalidad en el sistema mosaico y, finalmente, un régimen penal y procesal penal de garantías. (shrink)

The Militant Intellect reconceptualizes critical theory as a field tasked with cultivating the analytical skills of the general intellect to work towards the intersectional and structural death of the colonist and the materialization of that feminist decolonial communist queer marronage world that constitutes its horizon.

Ética y bioética en el mundo científico: una revisión integradora de la literaturaEthics and Bioethics in the Scientific World: An Integrative ReviewThis paper studies the reality of ethical and bioethical issues in the scientific world through an integrative literature review of articles included in three databases. Seven terms from the thesaurus Health Sciences Descriptors were used, from which three combinations were elaborated and used in the three databases. After applying inclusion requirements, a total of 18 articles were selected. Certain misconducts, (...) particularly plagiarism, falsification and data fabrication, have been showing an increasing behavior, which requires more stringent measures in order to control such phenomenon and maintain scientific credibility before society and authorities.Para citar este artículo / To reference this article / Para citar este artigoSouza-Júnior EV, Rosa RS, Guedes TP, Silva CS, Ribeiro DB, Balbinote FS, Souza DF, Teixeira RB, Silva-Filho BF, Sawanda NO. Ética e bioética no mundo científico: uma revisão integrativa. Pers bioet. 2020;24:151-165. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5294/pebi.2020.24.2.3Recibido: 30/06/2020Aceptado: 28/07/2020Publicado: 27/11/2020. (shrink)

Unlike Melchionne and Naukkarinen, I advocate an expansive definition of everyday aesthetics that, in addition to the most common and everyday experiences, includes festivals, tourism, and countless activities carried out daily by artists and professionals from various areas. Continuities between aesthetics of everyday life and the aesthetics of art and nature are established. For example, the act of looking through a window may involve aspects of all three aesthetics. Although I agree with Melchionne in that everyday aesthetics is closely linked (...) to questions about the search for subjective well-being, I assume a more expansive approach based on recent psychological studies of the experience of “awe” to emphasize the importance of such experiences in subjective search, linking this way, the most outstanding aspects of everyday aesthetics, the aesthetics of art and the aesthetics of nature. (shrink)

In the context of a didactic for learning and updating the texts and classical languages, this work proposes a translation and interpretation of the philosophical and political sense of the fable The Aged Horse of Babrius. The translation follows the Greek version of Crusius and the Gredos edition, while the interpretation is based on the philosophical and political reflections of Cicero and Plutarch in On old Age and Whether an old man should engage in plublic affairs. These reflections can also (...) be seen from a statistical analysis of Long-Lived Men of Lucian of Samosata. Thus, the meaning of the fable says that young statesmen should avoid becoming the next useless politicians or “old horses” of the State. This reflection contributes today to weigh the political participation of young people and updates the civic importance of the elderly in their intervention on public affairs. (shrink)